Terbutaline

Terbutaline is beta 2 agonist adrenergic drug. It is used as a bronchodialtor drug. Given by oral, s.c. & inhalational route.
Uses of terbutaline
1. Bronchial asthma
2. Refractory asthma
3. Status asthmaticus
Adverse effects: Tremors, palpitation & rarely arrythmias

Therapeutic uses of metoclopramide

1. As antiemetic in postoperative, drug induced, disease associated, radiation induced vomitting
2. As gastrokinetic agent in emergency GA, before giving spinal anesthesia for cesarian operation, postvagotomy or diabetes associated gastric paresis, to facilitate duodenal intubation
3. Dyspepsia
4. Gastroesophageal reflux disease

How beta blocker propanolol is effective in hypertension ?

1. Reduction of cardiac output (CO) leads to reduce total peripheral resistance (TPR). Due to reduction in TPR both systolic & diastolic BP falls.
2. Decrease renin from kidney leading to decrease plasma renin activity
3. Decrease NA release from sympathetic nerves
4. Decreased central sympathetic outflow

How haloperidol is effective in schizophrenia ?

According to dopamine theory of schizophrenia, it occurs due to overactivity of dopaminergic neurones in the limbic area of brain. Haloperidol antagonize dopaminergic activity in brain by blocking D2 receptors in brain which are located in corpus striatum & limbic system.In this way haloperidol is effective in schizophrenia.

Similarities in insulin & sulfonylureas

1. Both cause weight gain.
2. Both are secretogogue.
3. Both cause hypoglycemia.

Difference between insulin & sulfonylurea

1. Insulin is given by subcutaneous route while sulfonylureas are given orally.
2. Insulin is used predominately in type I diabetes, while sulfonylureas are used predominately in type II patients.
3. Insulin is a peptide hormone synthesized in body by beta cells of pancreas, while sulfonylureas are synthetic sulfa group of drugs.
4. Insulin stimulate glucose transport across the cell by ATP dependent translocation of glucose transportes GLUT 1 & GLUT 4, while sulfonylureas release insulin by blocking ATP dependent K channels in beta cells of pancreas.

Advantages of clarithromycin over erythromycin

1. Clarithromycin covers Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), other atypical mycobacteria, M. leprae & some anaerobes.It also covers Legionella, M.pneumonae & H. pylori, while erythromycin is not active against these microbes.
2. Clarithromycin is more acid stable than erythromycin, rapidly absorbed, better gastric tolerance as compared to erythromycin
3. Clarithromycin has better tissue penetration.
4. Erythromycin is given four times a day while clarithromycin is given twice daily